Two treason sentences were handed down every day in Russia in 2025.

The total number of people convicted of treason, espionage, and related offenses last year was 478, according to a joint study by Perviy Otdel and Parubets Analytics. Meanwhile, in 2024, the number of prosecutions for such offenses was 24% lower—at least 385 convictions.

In 2025, nearly 40% of all sentences (178 in total) were handed down by military courts. This increase is due to the practice of "double-charge" charges: treason cases are being massively combined with terrorism cases, which by law are only subject to military tribunals. At least 166 individuals received this combined charge.

The average age of those convicted was 36, but authorities began paying more attention to vulnerable groups. The proportion of female prisoners more than doubled over the year, reaching 68. At least 18 of those convicted were under 20. Another 21 were over 60.

An analysis of 299 sentences for which it was possible to determine the sentence lengths demonstrates a sharp tightening of judicial practice: the average sentence for treason cases is now 15 years in prison, for espionage it is 14 years, and for confidential collaboration it is five years.

At least four people were sentenced to life imprisonment. The harshest non-life sentence—27 years in prison—was given to a native Kherson region Vyacheslav Popovich as a result of the combination of charges under several articles.

Researchers cite the complete secrecy of the justice system as the year's main outcome. For example, courts are deliberately erasing the names of convicted defendants. Despite this, analysts managed to identify 383 people, establishing their names and the circumstances of their cases.

Repressions under "espionage" articles have already spread to 64 regions of Russia, turning into a well-oiled conveyor belt closed to the public.